铁质文物预防性保护研究进展之一：含氯化物的铁质文物保存环境研究

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

综述了近年来含氯化物铁质文物保存环境方面的研究进展。学者们针对氯化物作用下铁质文物的腐蚀劣化过程,通过模拟样品实验、文物样品实验和文物状况调研等方式开展了相对湿度、氧气、温度等环境因素影响方面的大量研究,确立了相对湿度与铁质文物风险的关联模型,提出了新的铁质文物保存环境要求。本文综述了近年来含氯化物铁质文物保存环境方面的研究进展。

关键词: 预防性保护, 铁质文物, 氯化物, 相对湿度, 氧气

Abstract:

Based on the corrosion and deterioration process of iron artifacts, especially induced by chlorides, many research were carried out on the influence of environmental factors such as relative humidity, oxygen and temperature, established the correlation model between the risk of iron artifacts and relative humidity, proposed new environmental requirements for the preservation of iron artifacts. This review summarized recent research progress of preventive conservation of iron artifacts.

Key words: preventive conservation, iron artifacts, chlorides, relative humidity, oxygen

张然, 柳敏. 铁质文物预防性保护研究进展之一：含氯化物的铁质文物保存环境研究[J]. 上海视觉, 2022, 0(1): 19-25.

ZHANG Ran, LIU Min. Research Progress on Preventive Conservation of Iron Artifacts. Part I: Study on the Environment of Chloride-Contaminated Iron Artifacts[J]. SHANGHAI VISION, 2022, 0(1): 19-25.

图/表 3

参考文献 36

[1]	馆藏文物预防性保护方案编写规范. WW/T 0065—2015[S]. 北京: 文物出版社, 2016.
[2]	LEVIN J. Preventive conservation[N]. the GCI Newsletter 7.1 Winter, 1992.
[3]	加瑞·汤姆森. 博物馆环境[M]. 国家文物局博物馆司,甘肃省文物局,译. 北京: 科学出版社, 2007.
[4]	NATHAN STOLOW. 博物馆藏品保护与展览[M].宋燕,卢燕玲,黄晓宏,等.译. 北京: 科学出版社, 2010.
[5]	国家文物局博物馆与社会文物司. 博物馆铁质文物保护技术手册[M]. 北京: 文物出版社, 2011.
[6]	SELWYN L S, SIROIS P J, ARGYROPOULOS V. The corrosion of excavated archaeological iron with details on weeping and akaganéite[J]. Studies in Conservation, 1999, 44(4): 217-232.
[7]	BRECHBÜHL S, CHEVALLIER B. Conservation of mass archaeological metal find - The necessity to standardize conservation processes[C]// Museen der Stadt Wien - Stadtarchäologie. Proceedings of the 14th International Congress “Cultural Heritage and New Technologies” held in Vienna, Austria November 2009. Vienna: Museen der Stadt Wien - Stadtarchäologie, 2010: 109-116.
[8]	KEENE S, ORTON C. Stability of treated archaeological iron: an assessment[J]. Studies in Conservation, 1985, 30(3): 136-142.
[9]	MATHIAS C, RAMSDALE K, NIXON D. Saving archaeological iron using the Revolutionary Preservation System[C]// Ashton J,Hallam D. Metal 04:proceedings of the International Conference on Metals Conservation. Canberra: National Museum of Australia, 2004: 28-42.
[10]	TURGOOSE S. The nature of surviving iron objects[C]// Clarke R W, Blackshaw S M. Conservation of Iron. Greenwich, London: Trustees of the National Maritime Museum, 1982: 1-7.
[11]	TURGOOSE S. Post-excavation changes in iron antiquities[J]. Studies in Conservation, 1982, 27(3): 97-101.
[12]	STÅHL K, NIELSEN K, JIANG J, et al. On the akaganéite crystal structure, phase transformations and possible role in post-excavational corrosion of iron artifacts[J]. Corrosion Science, 2003, 45(11): 2563-2575. doi: 10.1016/S0010-938X(03)00078-7
[13]	D. WATKINSON. Degree of mineralization: its significance for the stability the treatment of excavated iron work[J]. Studies in Conservation, 1983, 28(2): 85-90.
[14]	B. KNIGHT. A review of the corrosion of iron from terrestrial sites and the problem of post-excavation corrosion[J]. The Conservator, 1990, 14(1): 37-43. doi: 10.1080/01410096.1990.9995055
[15]	A. ASKEY, S.B. LYON, G.E. THOMPSON, J.B. JOHNSON, G.C. WOOD, M. COOKE AND P. SAGE. The corrosion of iron and zinc by atmospheric hydrogen chloride[J]. Corrosion Science, 1993, 34(2): 233-247. doi: 10.1016/0010-938X(93)90004-Z
[16]	Watkinson D, Lewis M. Desiccated storage of chloride-contaminated archaeological iron objects[J]. Studies in Conservation, 2005, 50(4): 241-252. doi: 10.1179/sic.2005.50.4.241
[17]	张然, 马燕如. 蒲津渡铁人盐柱现象分析[C]// 中国化学会应用化学委员会,考古与文物保护化学科学委员会,中国科学技术大学,等.文物保护研究成果集萃——全国第十三届考古与文物保护化学学术研讨会论文集. 合肥: 时代出版传媒股份有限公司, 安徽科学技术出版社, 2015:203-209.
[18]	THICKETT D, ODLYHA M. Assessment of dry storage microenvironments for archaeological iron[C]// Williams E, Peachey C.The Conservation of Archaeological Materials:Current Trends and Future Directions. Oxford, England: Archaeopress, 2010: 187-199.
[19]	WANG Q. Effects of relative humidity on the corrosion of iron: an experimental view[J]. The British Museum Technical Research Bulletin, 2007, 1:65-73.
[20]	LEWIS M R T. The influence of atmospheric moisture on the corrosion of chloride-contaminated wrought iron[D]. Cardiff, Wales: Cardiff University, 2009: 196-206.
[21]	THICKETT D. Post excavation changes and preventive conservation of archaeological iron[D]. London: School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Birkbeck College, University of London, 2012: 291-294.
[22]	THICKETT D. Analysis of iron corrosion products with Fourier transform infra-red and Raman spectroscopies[C]// Picollo M. Proceedings of the Sixth Infrared and Raman Users Group Conference (IRUG6). Italy: Instituto di Fisica Applicata “Nello Carrara” IFAC - CNR, 2004: 86-93.
[23]	张然. 铁质文物腐蚀产物β-FeOOH的产生及危害[J]. 腐蚀与防护, 2021, 42(11):1-11,48.
[24]	LI S, HIHARA L H. A micro-Raman spectroscopic study of marine atmospheric corrosion of carbon steel: the effect of akageneite[J]. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2015, 162(9): C495-C502. doi: 10.1149/2.0881509jes
[25]	WATKINSON D, LEWIS M R T. The role of βFeOOH in the corrosion of archaeological iron[C]// Vandiver P B, Mass J L, Murray A. MRS Proceedings, 852 (Symposium OO- Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology VII). Warrendale, Pa: Materials Research Society, 2005: OO1.6.1-OO1.6.12.
[26]	Thickett D, Odlha M. The formation and transformation of akageneite[C]// Hyslop E, Gonzalez V, Troalen L, et al. Metal 2013: Interim Meeting of the ICOM-CC Metal Working Group, Conference Proceedings. Edinburgh, Scotland: Historic Scotland, International Council of Museums, 2013: 107-113.
[27]	D. WATKINSON AND M. LEWIS. Desiccated storage of chloride-contaminated iron: a study of the effects of the loss of environmental control[C]// May E, Jones M, Mitchell J. Heritage Microbiology and Science: Microbes, Monuments and Maritime Materials. Cambridge: the Royal Society of Chemistry, 2008: 279-289.
[28]	WANG Q. An investigation of deterioration of archaeological iron[J]. Studies in Conservation, 2007, 52(2): 125-134. doi: 10.1179/sic.2007.52.2.125
[29]	WATKINSON D E, RIMMER M B, EMMERSON N J. The influence of relative humidity and intrinsic chloride on post-excavation corrosion rates of archaeological iron[J]. Studies in Conservation, 2019, 64(8): 456-471. doi: 10.1080/00393630.2018.1565006
[30]	WATKINSON D, EMMERSON N, SEIFERT J. Matching display relative humidity to corrosion rate: quantitative evidence for marine cast iron cannon balls[C]// Menon, R, Chemello C, Pandya A. Metal 2016: proceedings of the interim meeting of the ICOM-CC Metals Working Group, September 26-30, 2016, New Delhi, India. Paris: ICOM Committee for Conservation. Metals Working Group, 2016: 192-202.
[31]	THUNBERG J C, WATKINSON D E, EMMERSON N J. Desiccated microclimates for heritage metals: creation and management[J]. Studies in Conservation, 2021, 66(3): 127-153. doi: 10.1080/00393630.2020.1799599
[32]	GREEN L, BRADLEY S. An investigation of strategies for the long-term storage of archaeological iron[C]// MacLeod I D, Pennec S L, Robbiola L. Metal 95: proceedings of the International Conference on Metals Conservation: Semur en Auxois, 25-28 Sept. 1995. London: James & James, 1997: 305-309.
[33]	THICKETT D, COSTA V. The effect of particulate pollution on the corrosion of metals in heritage locations[C]// Bridgland J. ICOM-CC 17th triennial conference preprints, Melbourne, 15-19 September 2014. Paris: ICOM Committee for Conservation, 2014: art 0907.
[34]	GUGGENHEIMER S. Investigation into the potential of low-oxygen and dry/cold storage for freshly excavated iron artifacts[D]. Suisse: School of the University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland - HES-SO. 2006: 111-113.
[35]	KUHN C, EGGERT G. Keep cool? Deep-freeze storage of archaeological iron[C]// Mardikian P, Chemello C, Watters C, Hull P. Metal 2010: proceedings of the interim meeting of the ICOM-CC Metal Working Group, October 11-15, 2010, Charleston, South Carolina, USA. Clemson: Clemson University, 2011: 32-38.
[36]	RIMMER M, THICKETT D, WATKINSON D, et al. Guidelines for the storage and display of archaeological metalwork[M]. Swindon: English Heritage, 2013.

文献	温度要求	相对湿度要求
博物馆环境^[3]	/	不稳定铁器：40%~50%以下高品质铁器：55%以下
博物馆藏品保护与展览^[4]	15~20℃	15%~40%
博物馆铁质文物保护技术手册^[5]	15~20℃	0~40%

场景	混合物	设计RH(%)	失控RH(%)	实验结果
1	铁粉+FeCl₂	15	22	铁粉不发生腐蚀
1	铁粉+β-FeOOH	15	22	铁粉发生明显腐蚀
2	铁粉+ FeCl₂	15	30	铁粉发生可探测到的腐蚀
2	铁粉+β-FeOOH	15	30	铁粉发生快速腐蚀
3	铁粉+FeCl₂	22	65	铁粉发生快速、显著的腐蚀