山东长清灵岩寺石灰岩质文物风化机理研究

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

山东省济南市长清区灵岩寺现为世界自然与文化遗产泰山的重要组成部分,第二批全国文物重点保护单位,内有大量石灰岩质文物,是研究泰山宗教文化和书法艺术的重要资料。受各类风化因素影响,石质文物出现了污染、结壳、剥落、溶蚀等风化现象,亟待保护修复。为此,本文选取风化特征明显的四处石刻,利用X-射线荧光光谱（XRF）、X-射线衍射光谱（XRD）、拉曼光谱（Raman）、红外光谱（FTIR）、扫描电子显微镜与能谱仪（SEM-EDS）分析风化区域成分。结果表明,红色污染是铁锰云石风化形成,白色结壳为雨水溶解石灰沉积所致,剥落与可溶盐NaCl的溶解结晶过程相关,溶蚀与长石类矿物的风化相关。该研究为石质文物的修复保护提供了科学支撑。

关键词: 长清灵岩寺, 石灰岩质文物, 铁锰云石, 风化机理, SEM-EDS, 拉曼光谱

Abstract:

The Lingyan Temple in Changqing District, Jinan City, Shandong Province, as an important part of the world natural and cultural heritage Mount Tai and one of the second batch of national key cultural relics protection units, contains a large number of limestone cultural relics, which is the important materials to study Mount Tai’s religious culture and calligraphy art. Affected by various weathering factors, stone cultural relics have experienced weathering phenomena such as pollution, crusting, peeling, and dissolution. Therefore, they urgently need to be protected and restored. To this end, this article selects four stone carvings with obvious weathering characteristics, and analyzes the composition of the weathered area by using X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer (XRF), X-ray Diffraction Spectrometer (XRD), Raman Spectrometer (Raman), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). The result shows that the red pollution is formed by the weathering of ferromanganese marble, the white crust is caused by the precipitation of lime dissolved in rainwater, the exfoliation is related to the dissolution and crystallization process of the soluble salt NaCl, and the dissolution is related to the weathering of feldspar minerals. This research provides scientific support for the restoration and protection of stone cultural relics.

Key words: Lingyan Temple in Changqing District, limestone cultural relics, Ferromanganese Marble, weathering mechanism, Scanning Electron Microscope and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy(SEM-EDS), Raman Spectrometer

王传昌, 蔡友振, 王雪凝, 查剑锐, 李志敏, 马清林. 山东长清灵岩寺石灰岩质文物风化机理研究[J]. 上海视觉, 2021, 0(2): 91-99.

Chuanchang WANG, Youzhen CAI, Xuening WANG, Jianrui ZHA, Zhimin LI, Qinglin MA. Study on the Weathering Mechanism of Limestone Cultural Relics in Lingyan Temple, Changqing, Shandong, China[J]. SHANGHAI VISION, 2021, 0(2): 91-99.

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病害类型	所占比例	病害描述	位置
残损	12.7%	石刻边缘或装饰性花纹缺损的现象	般舟殿西侧石香炉,天王殿东侧石狮,千佛殿东侧石经幢
断裂	11.0%	石刻本体或与台基座连接处出现的应力裂隙,贯穿岩石整体,裂缝边缘有局部脱落现象	天王殿东侧石碑,山门东侧摩崖石刻
白色结壳	35.3%	石刻表面出现白色结壳的现象,强度低	天王殿东侧石狮,甘露泉北侧碑刻
人为污染	10.1%	石刻表面的墨迹和油漆	千佛殿西侧碑刻,天王殿东侧碑刻
红色污染	63.9%	石刻表面的红色污渍,面积较小且不连续	大雄宝殿西侧碑刻,千佛殿东侧石经幢
表面溶蚀	43.9%	石刻表面因腐蚀而变得模糊不清,面积较小	辟支塔基座,千佛殿东侧石经幢,天王殿东侧碑刻,般舟殿西侧碑刻
片状剥落	68.0%	剥落层厚度在1cm左右	天王殿东侧碑刻,般舟殿西侧碑刻
裂隙	41.7%	多数为风化裂隙,呈现里小外大的V字形结构	天王殿东侧碑刻,般舟殿西侧碑刻
不当修复	6.2%	使用水泥砂浆或环氧树脂填充石刻断裂处	天王殿东侧碑刻

区域	Mg	Al	Mn	Si	Ca	Fe
1-1	7.7		1.1		64.5	12.7
1-2	-		-		100	-
1-3	3.9	1.6	3.4	2.8	83.4	4.9

区域	Ca	S
2-1	98.6	1.4
2-2	95.2	4.8
2-3	96.6	3.4

区域	Fe	Na	Mg	Al	Si	Cl	K	Ca
3-1	-	2.1	1.2	1.4	3.5	1.7	1.4	88.7
3-2	-	12.1	0.5	0.7	0.7	14.1	4.5	67.6
3-3	2.8	28.7	0.4	0.6	1.6	40.8	6.1	18.9

区域	Fe	Na	Mg	Al	Si	Cl	K	Ca
4-1	10.8	1.0	2.4	7.3	16.3	0.4	3.3	58.5
4-2	2.0	2.5	2.5	22.8	38.1	7.6	19.3	5.1
4-3	7.3	0.7	3.3	21.0	51.7	0.5	12.1	3.1